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Adapters power
A linear or switched-mode power supply (or in some cases just a
transformer) that is built into the top of a plug is known as a "plug
pack", "plug-in adapter", "adapter block", "domestic mains adapter" or
just "power adapter". Slang terms include "wall wart" and "power
brick". They are even more diverse than their names; often with either
the same kind of DC plug offering different voltage or polarity, or a
different plug offering the same voltage. "Universal" adapters attempt
to replace missing or damaged ones, using multiple plugs and selectors
for different voltages and polarities. Replacement power supplies must
match the voltage of, and supply at least as much current as, the
original power supply.
The least expensive AC units consist
solely of a small transformer, while DC adapters include a few
additional diodes. Whether or not a load is connected to the power
adapter, the transformer has a magnetic field continuously present and
normally cannot be completely turned off unless unplugged.
Because
they consume standby power, they are sometimes known as "electricity
vampires" and may be plugged into a power strip to allow turning them
off. Expensive switched-mode power supplies can cut off leaky
electrolyte-capacitors, use powerless MOSFETs, and reduce their working
frequency to get a gulp of energy once in a while to power, for
example, a clock, which would otherwise need a battery.
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